present perfect tense

Definition
Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.

Formula of Verbal Sentence:
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + V3
(- ) SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
(? ) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?

Example:
+ She had put my book on the table last nigth.
- She had not put my book on the table last night.
? Had she put my book on the table last night?

Formula of Nominal Sentence
(+ )SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB
(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB
(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?

Example:
+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.
- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?

**note**
I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = they’d
He had = he’d
She had = She’d
It had = It’d

greeting

Definition
Greetings is a very common expression s to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them.

Formal Greetings
- Good morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
- Good afternoon (12-6 p.m)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m)
- Good morning Sir, Ma'am,

Notes : Do not use "Good Bye" except in Australia.

Informal Greetings
- Hi, Shanty !
- Morning, Tom !
- Hello..

Initial Greetings
- How are you ? I'm fine thank you.
- How's it doing ?
- How are you doing ?
- How's life ?

Responding to initial greetings
- Very well, thank you. And you ?
- I'm good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thanks
- Fine, thanks
- Excellent

present tense

Definition
The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.

<< Notes >>

* The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
* It is used for general statement of fact.
* The simple present tense is used for habitual or everyday activity.

Pattern
Nominal
( + ) S + tobe + complement
( - ) S + tobe + not + complement
( ? ) Tobe + S + complement ?

When using word question (W/H question such as what, who, why, when, where, which, how)
We simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentences and followed by the form of
question pattern above.
Example
Why is she angry ?
w/h + tobe + S + complement ?

Verbal
( + ) S + V1 + s/es + O/C / adv
( - ) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C / adv
( ? ) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C / adv ?

Procedure

Definition
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. I t explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

- The generic structure of procedure text are :

* Goal/aim (or title)
* Materials (not required for all procedure text)
* Steps (the action that must be taken)

- Linguistic Features

* Focus on generalized human agents (often implict)
* Use of simple present
* Use of mainly temporal conjunction
* Use of mainly action verbs (often imperratives)

appointment

next, we will learn about the Appointment.What is Appointment? emmhh .. immediately wrote us see what that Appointment. okey. come on.Appointment is tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.


then we will learn to make Appointment. let the sentences to make that appointment ..
 Wiil you do go out with me tonight?
 What if we go swimming this afternoon?
 I want to make an appointment to see…. (Dr. Jones)
 I’d like to make an appointment to see… (Dr. Jones)
 Can I come and see you?

next, we will learn to accept the Appointment. let's look at the sentences to accept that appointment ..
 No problem.
 It’s a deal.
 I’ll be there.
 O.K.
 What about….(Thursday)

last, we will learn to declining the appointment .let's look at the sentences to declining that appointment
 Sorry, I can’t.
 I’m sorry, I have another appointment.

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Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

FUNCTION OF ADVERTISEMENT
►PROMOTION
►COMMUNICATION
►INFORMATION





IN MAKING ADVERTISEMENT

Keep the following of Advertisement :
1. Language of Advertisement :
G Using the correct or suitable words.
A Using the interesting and suggestive expressions.
B Text or Advertisement should be directed to the goals.

2. Content of Advertisement :
G Objective and honest.
A Brief and Clear.
B Not Allude group or other producer.

Kinds of Advertisement
1. Family Advertisement
2. Invitation Advertisement
3. Sponsored Advertisement
4. Requested Advertisement
5. News Advertisement
6. Announcement Advertisement
7. Goods Advertisement
8. Merit Advertisement

past tense

Past Tense
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.
Past tense is used :

* When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
* For a non-fact in the present or future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a plane



* To refer a single event on the past

Example : I called Mary last night.

* The past habitual action.

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experiences

The Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

* Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.

Example : She worked at the office yesterday.

* A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.

Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.
Question sentence are started with did as in Did she work at the office yesterday ?
Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
( - ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ? ) Did + subject + verb I ?
Nominal
2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it expresses longer actions in the past.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement
( - ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?

gaining attention

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to.

How to gaining attention ?

* Attention, please !
* Excuse me
* Look here
* Listen to me, please
* Waiter ?
* Wow, really ?
* I'm listening


How to showing attention ?

* Look at you !
* How beautifull !
* What's the matter ?
* Is everything, all right ?
* Oh really ? Is it true ?
* Oh my god ! What happens ?
* Wow..really ?That's incredibble !

The axample about gaining attention :
lecturer : Attention please ! Next week we will have a test ! So, you must study to get a good score !
Students : OK, sir !

Vocabs; Shapes and Part of Body

Definition Shapes
Shapes are all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.

SHAPES


Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart


Definition Part of Body
Is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 50 trillion cells, the basic unit of life.

THE HUMAN BODY


1.Hair = Rambut
2.Head = Kepala
3.Neck = Leher
4.Throat = Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder = Bahu
6.Chest = Dada
7.Back = Punggung
8.Waist = Pinggung
9.Stomach = Perut
10.Hip = Pinggul
11.Bottom = Pantat
12.Armpit = Ketiak
13.Arm = Lengan
14.Upper arm = Lengan Atas
15.Elbow = Siku
16.Forearm = Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist = Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist = Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand = Tanagn
20.Palm = Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb = Ibu Jari
22.Finger = Jari Tangan
23.Nail = Kuku
24.Leg = Kaki
25.Thigh = Paha
26.Knee = Lutut
27.Calf = Betis
28.Ankle = Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot = Kaki
30.Heel = Tumit
31.Instep = Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole = Tapak Kaki
33.Toes = Jari Kaki
34.Brain = Otak
35.Windpipe = Batang Tenggorokan
36.Heart = Jantung
37.Lung = Paru-Paru
38.Liver = Hati
39.Kidney = Ginjal
40.Intestines = Usus
41.Bladder = Kandung Kemis
42.Vein = Pembuluh Balik
43.Artery = Pembuluh Nadi
44.Muscle = Otot
45.Eyeball = Bola Mata
46.Eyebrow = Alis Mata
47.Eyelid = Kelopak Mata
48.Eyelashes = Bulu Mata
49.Pupil = Manik Mata
50.Iris = Selaput Pelangi
51.Eye = Mata
52.Noise = Hidung
53.Ear = Telinga
54.Mouth = Mulut
55.Cheek = Pipi
56.Chin = Dagu
57.Temple = Pelipis
58.Forehead/Brow = Dahi/Kenig
59.Jaw = Rahang
60.Moustache = Kumis
61.Beard = Janggut
62.Tooth = Gigi
63.Lip = Bibir
64.Tongue = Lidah

Recount text

Recount text is a text which retell events or experiences in the past. It’s purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There isno complication among the participants and that differential from narrative.

• Generic structure
1. orientation: introducing the participants,place and time
2. event: describing series of event that happened in the past
3. re-orientation:{optional} stating personal comment of the writer to the story
language feature
1. introducing personal participant(i,my group,ets)
2. using chronological(then,first,etc)
3. using linkingverb(was,were,saw,heard,etc)
4. using action verb(look,go,change,etc)
5. using simple past tense.


VISIT TO A SHEEP PROPERTY

Last holiday, i visited a sheep property. I helped in the haring sheds and in the yards. ( orientation)

on the first day the Merino wethers were crutched. I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces.
Sheares start early(at 7.30 am). (events 1)

After lunch,we started shearing the lambs.
There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day. Once again i was sweeping and pickingup dags. (events 2)

I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished. We all had to helped to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well, we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for shearing the next day. Then it was time for tea (that’s what my nanna calls dinner) (events 3)

This was a very long day but i enjoyed it a lot (reorientation)

happiness expressions

• The expression that use when we are happy or pleasure.
• We can use that expressio too whensomeone tellhis/her happiness

• Ex of happinesss expression:
1. i’m happy
2. great!
3. fantastic!

• Idioms of happiness
Mean extreamely happy but here are the most useful ones:
1. i’m over the moon
2. i;m on cloud nine
3. i’m thrilledto bits

• some other happiness idoms
1.jump for joy:
meaning:be very happy and exited about something that has happened.
Ex: sara jumped for joy when she heard that she’d won first prize.

2.something makes your day:
Meaning:somethings makes you feel very happy.
Ex: it’s great to hear it from you.it’s really made my day.
3.be floating/ walking on air
Meaning:be very happy about something good that has happened.
Ex:i’ve been walking on air ever since Chris and i started going out together.

4.get real kick out of something
Meaning: very much enjoy doing something(informal)
Ex: i get a real kick out of going for a run first hing in the morning before anyone else is up.
5.do something for kicks:
Meaning:do something because it is exciting,
Usually something dangerous(informal).
Ex:sandra is keen to have a go at bungee jumping-just for kicks.

giving instruction

• Function of giving instruction is a sentence that used to give instruction to other people for them to do something.
• Giving instrution is alsp called imperatives
• An imperative sentence asks,request,or commands someone to do something. An imperative sentence drops the subject



• When the commanding word is a verb,we use the infinitive without to:
1. Stand up!
2. clean the kitchen
3. come here!
4. sit down!

• If we don’t use a verb as the commanding word, we can use be + adj :
1. be quiet
2. be happy
3. be careful
4. be yoursel

• when we forbid someone to do something, we use the word don’t + verb infinitive without to:

1. don’t go
2. don”t be silly
3. don”t walk on the grass


• you can also use”let’s” before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative.
The negative of “let’s” is” let’s” not”:
1. let’s stop now
2. let’s have some lunc
3. let’s not argue
4. let’s not tell her about it


orders
adults don’t usually give each other order,
unless they are in a position of authority.
However, adults can gives orders to children and to animals.ex:
Sit down!



Warnings

To warn someone of danger
All the ward in the warning are stressed,
But the last word has a higher tone than the first word.ex:
Watch out!
Look out!
Don’t cross!

Advices

The word are stressed normally.ex:
Don’t drink alcohol!
Don’t eat heavy meals

Request

You should use a polite word before the verb.ex:
Please wait here!
Please don’t smoke here!
Please take a seat!

Descriptive text

Friends now , we will learn about DESCRIPTIVE TEXT .

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

My self

Hello my name is Rolla Oktavilla , i'm a girl with all my excess and my insuffiency . i live in Bangas Permai Street blok I no.62 . i'm the first daughter of my parents . now i'm 15 years old , i born on Palangkaraya at 8 October 1994.

I'm school in SHS 2 Palangkaraya . now in fiirst class of SHS .
i'm a strong girl , i don't wanna be weak girl . i'm a good girl , fiendly , and i love about blue . everyday i go to school by motorcycle . i want to be a doctor , because that is my dream from last . and i will try and study to can reach for my dream .

Narrative text

now we learn about ssesuatu that occurred in the past, like the story of legends, fables and so on:

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction , non fiction , tales , folktales, fables, myths , epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

Invitation

now we enter the Invitation, surely what it is already on taukan invitation? yes, it is a invitation or solicitation by anyone. and this is an example:)


To invite someone

* ¨ I would like you to …
* ¨ We would be pleased if you could …
* ¨ Would you like to …?
* ¨ Shall we …?
* ¨ How about …?

To accept an invitation

* ¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
* ¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.
* ¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.
* ¨ All right!
* ¨ O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation

* ¨ I would love to, but …
* ¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
* ¨ That’s very kind of you, but …
* ¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

Sympathy Expression

Definition
Sympathy Expression is an expression or feelings of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in nad condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone??
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expression of sympathy:

* I'm sorry to hear that
* OH, awful
* Oh, dear
* How pity you are
* How terrible
* I'd like to express my deepest condolences

Announcement

The definition of announcement
¨Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.”

In writing an announcement, keep the following points
1. The title/type of event,
2. Date/time, place and
3. Contact person

You can hear announcements at an airport or at a train station. They tell important information — for example, which airplanes are arriving or departing, and how to get on these airplanes.